Esther Duflo:
2003: In 2003, she co-founded Poverty Action Lab at MIT, which has since conducted over 200 empirical development experiments and trained development practitioners to run randomized controlled trials
2006: 2006, together with several colleagues, Duflo conducted another experiment in India
2019:Good Economics for Hard Times: Better Answers to Our Biggest Problems
2019 Noble prize
https://www.povertyactionlab.org/es/duflo
https://economics.mit.edu/faculty/eduflo/short
Paul L. Menchik:
1993 Economic Status as a Determinant of Mortality Among Black and White Older Men: Does Poverty Kill?
This paper contains evidences about the differential mortality by economic status present in the United States, it suggests that there could be a relationship between the greater the number of spells of poverty, the higher the death rate as how the different mortality rates by economic status can be confused with the ethnic differences in mortality. As it mentions that poverty should also be categorized by income as well as by race.
Steven L. Gortmaker
1979 Poverty and infant mortality in the united states
This paper examines the theoretical and empirical relationship of income poverty to infant mortality using national data gathered in 1964-65, which estimates the relative impact of a variety of biological, social, and economic factors upon the risk of infant death. It mentions how the persistence of poverty and the continuing unequal distribution of health cares resources to pregnant women and young mothers and suggests an increase on health services and to help given to families through income supports and employment programs.
UN: What progress has been made in ending global poverty?
“Since the launch of the Millennium Development Goals back in 2000, organisations and governments worldwide have been working, together with the United Nations, to accomplish eight anti-poverty goals” (Martin, 2015). This article contains eight progress they have made over 15 years of work in order to show how different it was before they helped, some of these proyects have been worked on since 1990.
NCBI: Poverty dynamics, poverty thresholds and mortality: An age-stage Markovian model (2014)
14.8% of the US population lived below the poverty line, which means that, for a family of four people they’ll have to live with an annual income of $ 24,008. If a family’s annual income falls below a threshold, all people in the family are also considered below the threshold. It is now widely accepted that those in poverty have a higher risk of mortality than those above poverty.
Amy H. Auchincloss:
1989-1991: National Health Interview Survey
1990 County per capita income and poverty concentration in Census tracts General health status
Marcela Agudelo Botero
According to Marcela Arguledo, the mortality rate due to avoidable causes has increased in the triennium of 1998–2000 and 2008–2010, thanks to a cross-sectional and descriptive study where deaths data registered between 0 and 74 years of age were used and estimates of The Mexican and world population. Mortality rates due to avoidable causes increased by 2.1%, while those related to non-avoidable causes decreased by 2.3%.
The increase in mortality rates due to avoidable causes can be reduced to gain years of life expectancy, as the same sentence indicates; They are avoidable. This can be achieved through health promotion and disease prevention actions. “Transversal population strategies and interventions must be developed, focused on specific subgroups, from a gender and generational perspective, adjusted to the geographical, socio-economic and cultural characteristics of the target population.” (Marcela, 2014)
Agudelo-Botero, M., & Dávila-Cervantes, C. A. (2014). Efecto de las muertes evitables y no evitables en la esperanza de vida en México, 1998-2000 y 2008-2010. Effect of Avoidable and Non-Avoidable Deaths on Life Expectancy in Mexico, 1998-2000 and 2008-2010., 35(2), 121–127.
Auchincloss, A., & Hadden, W. (2002). The health effects of rural-urban residence and concentrated poverty. JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, 18(2), 319–336.
Martin. (2015, July 30). What progress has been made in ending global poverty? Retrieved November 7, 2019, from United Nations Sustainable Development website: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/07/what-progress-has-been-made-in-ending-global-poverty/
What is the relation between the population death rates on rural and urban areas in the United State 